Sains Malaysiana 53(7)(2024): 1493-1508

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5307-02

Before It Is Too Late: Current Genetic Diversity Status of the Exploited Sandfish Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

(Sebelum Terlambat: Status Semasa Kepelbagaian Genetik Holothuria scabra Gamat yang Dieksploitasi (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

KHOR WAIHO^1,2,3,4,*, HANAFIAH FAZHAN^1,2,3,4, YUSHINTA FUJAYA⁵, ALEXANDER CHONG SHU-CHIEN^2,7,8, MUHAMMAD FATRATULLAH MUHSIN^1,6, SURIYAN TUNKIJJANUKIJ³ & NURUL HAYATI¹

¹Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

²Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

³Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

⁴STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China

⁵Faculty of Marine Science and Fishery, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

⁶Faculty of Vocational, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

⁷School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

⁸Northland Aquaculture Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmoshpheric Research, Ruakaka, New Zealand

Diserahkan: 21 November 2023/Diterima: 7 Jun 2024

Abstract

The sandfish Holothuria scabra is a well exploited and among the highest-valued sea cucumber species. Owing to its economic importance and the global expansion of sea cucumber fisheries that could lead to overfishing, the aquaculture of H. scabra is increasing rapidly. To aid in resource management and providing sufficient molecular information to inform the selection of sea cucumber broodstock to be incorporated into aquaculture, sufficient knowledge on their genetic diversity is among the pre-requisite. Therefore, this review synthesized together the currently available information on genetic diversity of H. scabra in a global scale, thereby highlighting the lack of genetic baseline of H. scabra in some populations. The implications and importance of the availability of genetic baseline data to restocking and sea ranching, fisheries, and aquaculture of H. scabra are discussed. Finally, future directions, including the development of full genome, the use of other sequencing technologies, and the impact of climate change onto H. scabra are provided.    

Keywords: Genetic diversity; Holothuria; sandfish; sustainable resource management

Abstrak

Holothuria scabra adalah sejenis spesies gamat yang dieksploitasi dengan meluas dan bernilai tinggi. Aktiviti akuakultur bagi H. scabra telah meningkat dengan pesat disebabkan nilai pasaran dan pengembangan global perikanan gamat yang boleh menyebabkan penangkapan secara berlebihan. Bagi membantu dalam pengurusan sumber dan penyediaan maklumat berkaitan molekul gamat yang lengkap untuk pemilihan stok induk gamat yang digunakan ke dalam penternakan akuakultur, pengetahuan yang mencukupi tentang kepelbagaian genetik mereka adalah antara prasyarat yang perlu dipenuhi. Oleh yang demikian, penulisan ini merupakan rumusan yang menyediakan maklumat terkumpul mengenai kepelbagaian genetik H. scabra dalam skala global, sekali gus menunjukkan kekurangan garis asas genetik H. scabra dalam sesetengah populasi. Ia turut mengetengahkan implikasi dan kepentingan ketersediaan data asas genetik kepada penternakan semula dan penternakan laut, perikanan dan akuakultur H. scabra. Kesimpulannya, perbincangan berkenaan hala tuju masa hadapan, termasuk pembangunan genom keseluruhan, penggunaan teknologi penjujukan lain dan kesan perubahan iklim ke atas H. scabradengan ini diberikan.

Kata kunci: Gamat; Holothuria; kepelbagaian genetik; pengurusan sumber mampan

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: waiho@umt.edu.my